A new canopy-dwelling species of the genus Alloscopus Brner (Collembola: Orchesellidae: Heteromurinae) from Mt. Makiling, Philippines.

A new species of Alloscopus Brner, 1906 (Orchesellidae: Heteromurinae), A. arborealis sp. nov., is herein described from Mt. Makiling, Laguna, Philippines. The new species is distinct from its blind congeners by the combination of: 7+7 macrochaetae on head An series and 1+1 on M series; 13+13 macrochaetae on thorax II (vs. 912) and 7+7 central on thorax III (vs. 6+6); absence of the microsensilla on abdomen I; abdomen IV with four sensilla (vs. three); and ventral tube with a small number of chaetae on its posterior face (45 vs. 1123) and lateral flap (7 vs. 916). The complete body chaetotaxic pattern of the new species and a revised key to the world fauna of Alloscopus are also provided.

Solving the taxonomic identity of Hipposideros cineraceus sensu lato (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae) in the Thai-Malay Peninsula, with the description of a new species.

A new species of small Hipposideros in the bicolor group is described based on specimens from Thailand and Malaysia. It can be distinguished from other small Hipposideros in Southeast Asia by a combination of external, craniodental, and bacular morphology, as well as echolocation call frequency. The new species has a distinct rounded swelling on the internarial septum of the noseleaf, with a forearm length of 35.3-42.6 mm, greatest skull length of 15.94-17.90 mm, and a call frequency of maximum energy of 132.3-144.0 kHz. Although clearly different in morphology, the new species forms a sister clade with H. kunzi and H. bicolor in the phylogenetic trees based on mitochondrial DNA. In addition, this study reports echolocation and genetic data, with a confirmed record of H. einnaythu from Thailand for the first time. The new species most closely resembles H. einnaythu. However, it differs in the details of the noseleaf and craniodental morphology, and it has a genetic distance of 9.6% and 10.4% based on mitochondrial COI and ND2, respectively. It is currently documented from five localities: two in peninsular Thailand, at Hala Forest in Yala Province, and Phru To Daeng Swamp Forest in Narathiwat Province, one from peninsular Malaysia at Krau Wildlife Reserve in Pahang, and another two in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo at Gunung Kinabalu, and near Madai Caves. However, it is likely that many previous records of "H. cineraceus" from Borneo refer to this species. Most records of the species are from lowland evergreen rainforest, though one record from Sabah was at 1800m. The roosting sites for this new species are currently unknown. Future research with a combination of data such as genetics, echolocation and morphology would be necessary to further determine the species geographic distribution in Southeast Asia.

Phylogenomics and systematics of Entomobryoidea (Collembola): marker design, phylogeny and classification.

Entomobryoidea has been the focus of phylogenetic studies in recent years owing to a divergence between morphological and genetic data. Recent phylogenies have converged on the sister relationship of Orchesellidae with the remaining Entomobryoidea, and on the non-monophyly of the traditional Paronellidae and Entomobryidae, but still lack resolution. Known molecular phylogenies of the superfamily differ greatly between mitogenomic and multilocus markers. For this reason, we designed universal single-copy orthologue (USCO) and ultraconserved element (UCE) marker sets specific for Entomobryoidea, based on 11 genome assemblies. Upon the newly designed 3406 USCOs and 4030 UCEs, we analysed 34 species covering all Entomobryoidea families and major subfamilies. New data for 26 species were mined from whole-genome sequencing. Phylogenetic inference confirmed the Orchesellidae as an independent family and the Entomobryinae remained the most puzzling taxon gathering scaled and unscaled lineages of both traditional Entomobryidae and Paronellidae. To accommodate Paronellides, Zhuqinia and related genera, Paronellidinae subfam. nov. is proposed within Entomobryidae. The sampled representatives of Paronellinae were recovered as the sister group of (Seirinae+Lepidocyrtinae), suggesting that reduction on the dorsal macrochaetotaxy and trunk sensillar pattern may have occurred independently within the Lepidocyrtinae and Paronellinae or represent their symplesiomorphy posteriorly modified in the Seirinae. The current systematics of the superfamily are revised here, with Entomobryidae now comprising six subfamilies, including all taxa with smooth dens. Our data also point out that all the main events of cladogenesis of the families and subfamilies of Entomobryoidea occurred during the Jurassic. Our genome-scale phylogenomics provides a complete, reliable example for systematics of Entomobryoidea, as well as other invertebrates in the big data era.

First record of the boneti-group of Coecobrya Yosii, 1956 (Collembola: Entomobryidae) from Thailand, with the description of three new cave species of the genus.

Thailand holds one of the most diverse faunas of the genus Coecobrya Yosii, 1956, with 22 species reported from the country so far. In this study three new species of Coecobrya are described from subterranean environments: C. satasookae sp. nov. from Chaiyaphum province, C. cavicola sp. nov. from Phrae province and C. chompon sp. nov. from Ratchaburi province. The first two species belong to the tenebricosa-group, as they lack eyes, while C. chompon sp. nov. has 1+1 eyes and fits the boneti-group. Coecobrya satasookae sp. nov. and C. cavicola sp. nov. can be distinguished from each other and its congeners by the combination of antennal length, clypeal, dorsal head and thoracic chaetotaxy, whereas C. chompon sp. nov. is most similar to C. boneti (Denis, 1948) from Vietnam. However, it differs from the latter taxa mostly by the proportion of the antennae, ventral and dorsal head, thoracic, fourth abdominal chaetotaxy, plus the shape of the tenent hairs. C. chompon sp. nov. is the first record and description of a Coecobrya species from the boneti-group in Thailand. We also discuss the ecological niches of troglomorphic Coecobrya species in Thailand and the status of the boneti-group.

Two new species of the millipede genus Glyphiulus Gervais, 1847 (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Cambalopsidae) from caves in northern Thailand.

Two new species of the genus Glyphiulus Gervais, 1847 are described and illustrated. The first species, G.longus sp. nov., is the second species of the javanicus-group to be found in Thailand. It resembles G.guangnanensis Jiang, Guo, Chen & Xie, 2018, from southern China, but is distinguished by a smaller size and the carinotaxic formula of the collum, combined with ♂ legs 1 bearing very strongly reduced telopodites, the anterior gonopods showing a pair of very long and slender apicomesal processes, and the denser plumose and stout flagella of the posterior gonopods. The second species, G.promdami sp. nov., the fifth member of the granulatus-group in Thailand, seems to be particularly similar to G.subbedosae Likhitrakarn, Golovatch & Panha, 2017, from Laos. However, it can be distinguished from the latter species mainly by showing a uniformly yellow collum and the posterior gonopod coxite bearing several strong setae in median and lateral views, coupled with the anterior gonopod coxosternum being microsetose in the anterior and medial parts in caudal view. An identification key to, and a distribution map of, all seven Glyphiulus species currently known to occur in Thailand are also provided.

The multiformity of antennal chaetae in Troglopedetes Joseph, 1872 (Collembola, Paronellidae, Troglopedetinae), with descriptions of two new species from Thailand.

Two new species of the genus Troglopedetes Joseph, 1872 (T. meridionalis sp. nov. and T. kae sp. nov.) are described from caves of the Thai peninsula. This is the first report of the genus south of the Kra Isthmus. The two new species have two rows of dental spines shared by all Thai Troglopedetes. They differ from other members of the genus mainly in the arrangement of dorsal chaetotaxy on head. The antennal chaetotaxy of the two species is analysed in detail in the second part of the paper. All types of antennal chaetae of both new species and their distribution patterns are described for each antennal segment: scales, ordinary chaetae, S-chaetae and subapical organite of Ant. IV. Twenty different types of chaetae are recognised and all except one are present in both species. The total numbers of ordinary chaetae and S-chaetae and their patterns of distribution on antenna are very similar between the two species (483 vs. 518 ordinary chaetae; 207 vs. 208 S-chaetae). Each type of chaetae has its own distribution pattern, markedly contrasted between dorsal and ventral side of antennae, and between antennal segments. This diversity of morphologies and distribution patterns and their similarity between the two species, as well as differences with other species of the same family, suggest that antennal chaetotaxy could provide powerful new characters for the taxonomy of Troglopedetes and related genera.

Theosbaena loko sp. n. a new stygobiotic microshrimp (Thermosbaenacea: Halosbaenidae) from southern Thailand.

BACKGROUND: Thermosbaenaceans are subterranean crustaceans, widespread and occur in freshwater, oligohaline or anchialine caves or thermal springs. Currently, four families, seven genera,and 45 species are recognised worldwide. During our studies of the isolated karst, Tham Loko (Loko Cave) in Khao Chiason District, Phatthalung Province, we found an undescribed thermosbanacean species in the genus Theosbaena. Theosbaena is the only genus reported from freshwater in the Oriental Region. Previously, there were only two known species, Theosbaena cambodjiana Cals & Boutin, 1985 from Kampot Province, southern Cambodia and Khon Kaen, Thailand and T. kiatwongchai Rogers & Sanoamuang, 2016 discovered in a cave of Takhli District, Nakhon Sawan, central Thailand. Our new species is the third species recorded in the Oriental Region. NEW INFORMATION: Theosbaena loko sp. n. differs from its congeners by having a telson 1.8x longer than its breadth, maxilla 1 palp distal segment 4x longer than the proximal palpomere and the maxillopodal exopod twice as long as its basal width. This microshrimp is the third described species of the genus. A key to the species is given and suggestions for the conservation status of the new species are discussed.

Araneibatrus phuphaphet sp. nov., a new cavernicolous Pselaphinae from Satun Geopark, southern Thailand (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae).

A new cavernicolous species of the genus Araneibatrus Yin Li, 2010, A. phuphaphet sp. nov., is described from Phu Pha Phet Cave, Satun Province, southern Thailand. The discovery extends the known distributional range of Araneibatrus for more than 1,500 km southwards. The conspicuously spinose pronotum, sexually modified profemur of the male, and unique configuration of the aedeagus serve to readily separate the new species from all known congeners.

Systematics, genetics, and biogeography of intertidal mites (Acari, Oribatida) from the Andaman Sea and Strait of Malacca.

This study demonstrates for the first time the presence of marine-associated mites in the Andaman Sea and Strait of Malacca and reveals a relatively high diversity of these taxa with six species from two different families: Selenoribatidae and Fortuyniidae. Indopacifica, a new genus of Selenoribatidae, is described from Thailand and Malaysia, with two new species, Indopacifica pantai n. sp. and Indopacifica parva n. sp. The genus is characterized by the unique combination of following characters: lacking lamellar ridges, incomplete dorsosejugal suture, fourteen pairs of notogastral setae, and presence of epimeral foveae. A phylogenetic reconstruction based on 18S ribosomal RNA sequences clearly confirms the distinctness of the new genus Indopacifica and places it close to the genus Rhizophobates. The lack of molecular genetic data of possible relatives impedes a clear assessment, and hence, we emphasize the need for further combined approaches using morphological and molecular genetic sequence data. All species show wide distribution areas within this geographic region suggesting that these taxa are good dispersers despite their minute size and wingless body. Molecular genetic data demonstrate recent gene flow between far distant populations of I. pantai n. sp. from the coasts of Thailand and two islands of Malaysia and hence confirm this assumption. The seasonally changing surface currents within this geographic area may favor hydrochorous dispersal and hence genetic exchange. Nevertheless, morphometric data show a slight trend to morphological divergence among the studied populations, whereas this variation is suggested to be a result of genetic drift but also of habitat differences in one population of Alismobates pseudoreticulatus.

Coecobryasirindhornae sp. n., the most highly troglomorphic Collembola in Southeast Asia (Collembola, Entomobryidae).

The most highly troglomorphic Collembola of Southeast Asia, Coecobryasirindhornae sp. n., is described from a cave in Satun province, Thai Peninsula. It is characterised by its large size, extremely elongated antennae, relatively long legs and furca, reduced macrochaetotaxy, very long and slender claw, pointed tenent hair, four sublobal hairs on outer maxillary lobe, and the absence of eyes and pigmentation. A checklist of Thai Coecobrya species and a key to the troglomorphic species of Thailand are provided. Troglomorphy and conservation of cave habitats in the area are discussed.

An annotated checklist of the Collembolan fauna of Thailand.

The current knowledge of the Collembolan fauna of Thailand is reported here, based on the checklist of Bedos (1994) completed by data on several taxa described since this date, with an update of the taxonomic status of the species. A total of 194 species from 53 genera and 14 families are listed, that were mostly discovered and described during the last three decades. The updated checklist illustrates a strong unevenness in sampling efforts across space and habitats, and in the degree of taxonomic coverage of the different families of the group. Geographically, only the Doi Inthanon massif can be considered as relatively well known, but even there the species in several major habitats and microhabitats have not been sampled. Data are lacking or much more limited for all other regions of the country. The species richness of Thailand is undoubtedly much more than observed number.

Cyphoderus (Cyphoderidae) as a major component of collembolan cave fauna in Thailand, with description of two new species.

Distinguishing features of Cyphoderus Collembola of the bidenticulati group are described. Taxonomic problems in the bidenticulati group of Cyphoderus are emphasized, and new characters of taxonomic value are introduced and discussed. Two new species are described from caves of Thailand, differing mainly in claw morphology.

The genus Cyphoderopsis Carpenter (Collembola: Paronellidae) in Thailand and a faunal transition at the Isthmus of Kra in Troglopedetinae.

The genus Cyphoderopsis Carpenter is recorded for the first time from continental Southeast Asia, with four new species described from Peninsular Thailand. New characters of taxonomic importance are introduced. The new species herein described are distinguished from other species of the genus by the following combination of characters: dens with two rows of spines, absence of eyes and pigment, and claw with inner teeth. They differ among them in the number of inner teeth on claw, morphology of tenent hairs (pointed versus clavate), number of dental spines and number of central macrochaetae on Th.II (3+3 versus 4+4). The genus Cyphoderopsis in Thailand is shown to be restricted to the South of the Isthmus of Kra, while the closely related genus, Troglopedetes Absolon, replaces it further north, providing new evidence that the Isthmus of Kra is an important biogeographical boundary in Southeast Asia. A checklist and a key to world species of the genus are given.